Lesson 1: Part of Speech (Part 3)

2. Pronoun

1.    2.1 Definition: Pronoun is a word that can function as a noun phrase used by itself and that refers either to the participants in the discourse (e.g. I, you ) or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse (e.g. she, it, this ).

2.     For example:

Mr. White was a high school teacher turned race car driver. He was able to win 99.1% of the races because of hisextensive knowledge in racing.

In the sentence, the person is ­Walter White. Instead of repeating his name in the next sentence, the pronouns “he“ and “his” were used to refer to him.

3.    Kinds of Pronouns
There are six kinds of pronouns with different functions:

4.    1. Personal pronouns

This kind of pronoun refers to a particular person or thing. The form of the personal pronoun that is appropriate to use for a specific sentence depends on the gender and number of persons or things that serve as the antecedents.

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2.          For example

             you are referring to a female subject in the sentence, the pronouns that are appropriate to use are: she, her, and hers. If you are referring to a male, you can use: he, him, and his. For a group of persons, not including yourself, the appropriate pronouns are: they, them, and theirs.

            Personal pronouns can serve as the subjects, objects of the verb or preposition, and can also show possession. They are formally classified into: subjective personal pronouns, objective personal pronouns, and possessive personal pronouns.

             Examples:

            You are definitely the biggest science nerd I’ve ever met.

   In the example above, the underlined pronoun serves as the subject.

   Harry persuaded her to come with him.

   The pronoun “her” is the object of the verb persuaded. Him, on the other hand, is the object of the preposition with.

   Ours is the one on the left.

   The pronoun “ours” signifies possession.

      

   2. Demonstrative pronouns

   The function of this kind of pronoun is to point to a noun. Examples are: this, these, that, and those. The pronouns “this” and “these” points to things that are nearby while the other two are for things that are far. Aside from proximity, you must also consider the number of things you are pointing out. For singular nouns, “this” and “that” should be used, while for plural nouns “these” and “those” are appropriate.

   
   

   
   

   
   
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5.       Examples:

        That is the car that I’ll buy for my birthday.

   The speaker is pointing out to a singular noun that is far from him/her.

   She said she wanted these.

   The underlined pronoun refers to a plural noun and also serve as the object of the verb wanted.

   
   

   3. Indefinite pronouns

   This kind of pronoun refers to unspecified things. Some examples are: any, all, another, each, anyone, anything, anybody, nobody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, few, and many. 

   

   
   

        Examples:

        Many were called for the interview but only 3 were hired.

   He’s ready to give up everything for his family’s safety.

   
   

   4. Intensive pronouns

   The function of intensive pronouns is to give emphasis to the antecedent. Examples of this kind of pronoun are: myself, itself, himself, herself, yourself, yourselves, themselves, and ourselves.

   

   
   

   
   

   Examples:

        The president himself said that it was a terrorist attack.

   I myself knew that it was a mistake.

   
   

   5. Interrogative pronouns

   As the title implies, the function of this kind of pronoun is to ask questions. Examples of interrogative pronouns are: who, what, which, whom, whoever, whatever, whichever, and whomever.

   

   
   

   Examples:

        Who wrote the book 1984?

   What did the doctors say?

   
   

   6. Relative pronouns

   This kind of pronoun links one clause or phrase to another. Some of the most common relative pronouns are: who, whoever, whomever, that, and which.

        Examples:

        The contestant who gets the highest score wins the million dollar jackpot.

   In this sentence, the underlined pronoun is the subject of the verb gets. The subordinate clause, “who gets the highest score wins the million dollar jackpot,” describes the noun contestant.

   He will accept whichever project comes first.

   The subordinate clause, ”whichever project comes first,” serves as the object of the verb “will accept.”

   
   

   7. Reflexive pronouns

   This kind of pronoun is used to refer back to the subject. Some of the reflexive pronouns are: yourself, myself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves, and itself.

   

   
   

   Example:

         Sandra never forgets to send a copy of the email to herself.

   The pronoun “herself” refers back to the subject of the sentence, which is Sandra.

   He promised to repair the broken fence, however, we ended up fixing it ourselves.

   The underlined reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject we.

   
   

   
   

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